Navigating the World of Genetics: Key Terms
Before diving into your genetic results, it’s helpful to understand some foundational terms. Here’s a guide to the most important concepts. For even more terms, see the SelfDecode Glossary.
DNA
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the molecule that contains instructions for how an organism grows, develops, and functions. It looks like a twisted ladder called a double helix.
- Bases in DNA:
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
- Base pairs follow strict rules: A pairs with T, G pairs with C.
Genome
Your genome is your complete set of DNA, including all genes and non-coding regions.
- Humans have 20,000–25,000 genes.
- Each person also has millions of genetic variants, including SNPs, insertions, deletions, and structural variations.
- Genes vs. genetic variants: Genes code for proteins; variants are differences that can influence gene function.
Allele
An allele is a version of a gene. You inherit one from each parent. Different alleles can lead to different traits.
Genotype
Your genotype is the specific combination of alleles you have for a gene. Example:
- AA → may increase serotonin
- AG → moderate serotonin
- GG → may decrease serotonin
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
- Homozygous: Two identical alleles (AA or GG)
- Heterozygous: Two different alleles (AG)
Gene Expression
Gene expression is how a gene’s information is used to make proteins. Not all genes are active all the time.
Genetic Imputation
Imputation predicts genetic variants that were not directly tested. It fills gaps in your DNA data using reference populations, improving the accuracy of your genetic insights.
Polygenic Risk Score (PRS)
A PRS combines the effects of many genetic variants to estimate your risk for traits or diseases. Unlike single-gene traits, most traits (like height or heart disease risk) are influenced by multiple genes.
SNP (rsID)
- SNP: A variation at a single DNA position.
- rsID: A unique identifier for a specific SNP (e.g., rs4988235 for lactose intolerance).
Why These Terms Matter
Understanding DNA, alleles, genotypes, gene expression, imputation, PRS, and SNPs gives you the foundation to explore how your genes influence traits, health, and individuality.
For personalized guidance on your results, you can consult DecodyGPT, our AI health coach, or speak with a healthcare professional or SelfDecode practitioner.
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